Learned fear often relapses after extinction, suggesting that extinction training generates a new memory that coexists with the original fear memory. Recent work from our lab has identified the hippocampus as a region where such fear and extinction memories exist and compete for expression. In this talk I will discuss recent work in our lab in which we have used activity-dependent neural tagging in mice to identify, manipulate, and characterize the cellular mechanisms of these hippocampal fear and extinction memories. I will discuss (1) where in the hippocampus these memory representations exist, (2) evidence that fear and extinction memories are coded by molecularly distinct cell ensembles, and (3) evidence that expression of fear and extinction is mediated by activation unique hippocampal output pathways.